Introduction

As the unpredictable nature of weather continues to challenge our daily routines, the humble umbrella remains an indispensable accessory for many. In 2025, advancements in design, materials, and technology have transformed umbrellas into more than just a means of rain protection; they are now sophisticated tools engineered for durability, ease of use, and even style. This article presents a curated list of the 12 best umbrellas of 2025, meticulously tested and reviewed to provide consumers with comprehensive insights into their performance, reliability, and functionality. Whether you are seeking a compact, travel-pleasant design or a robust option for stormy conditions, our selection offers a range of choices to meet diverse needs and preferences. Join us as we explore the top contenders that have garnered acclaim for their quality and effectiveness in safeguarding against the elements.

Key Features to Consider When Choosing an Umbrella

When selecting the ideal umbrella, durability shoudl be at the forefront of your considerations. Look for materials such as fiberglass or aluminum for the frame, as these offer resilience against strong winds. Additionally, the canopy fabric should be water-resistant or even waterproof, helping to keep you dry during unexpected downpours. Pay attention to the size of the umbrella as well; a compact design may be preferable for portability, while a larger canopy provides more coverage during heavy rain or sun. another key aspect is the opening mechanism; manual, automatic, and wind-resistant designs each offer unique benefits to suit your lifestyle.

Another vital feature is the weight of the umbrella. A lightweight model is ideal for those frequently on the move or who need to carry it in a bag. Conversely, heavier umbrellas are often sturdier and can withstand harsher weather conditions. Moreover, consider the handle design. Ergonomic grips can significantly enhance comfort during prolonged use, while a non-slip handle ensures a firm grasp in wet conditions. Lastly, examine the style and colour options to find a design that reflects your personality while meeting your functional needs.

Comprehensive Review of the top Four Canopy Designs

The canopy design of an umbrella plays a crucial role in determining its functionality, durability, and overall aesthetic appeal. while many options are available, the four standout designs we tested offer unique features that cater to various preferences. The canopy styles include:

• Two-Tier Canopy: This design allows for optimal air circulation, reducing wind resistance while providing excellent shade coverage.
• vented Canopy: Engineered to withstand strong winds, the vented top helps to prevent inversion and maintain stability during turbulent weather.
• Automatic Open Canopy: Convenience is key here; a simple press of a button instantly opens the umbrella, perfect for quick escapes from sudden rain showers.
• UV-Protected Canopy: Built with special fabrics that block harmful sun rays, this design ensures long hours of safe and comfortable outdoor use.

In our comprehensive review, we observed that each design showcased its unique strengths. as a notable example,the two-tier canopy stood out for patio use,providing ample shade without compromising airflow.The vented canopy, on the other hand, excelled in windy conditions, making it a favorite among beachgoers. As for everyday commuters, the automatic open design offered a practical solution for unpredictable weather changes, while the UV-protected canopy was highly rated among those prioritizing sun safety. in terms of consumer choice, these designs cater to a broad spectrum of needs, ensuring that there is a perfect option for everyone.

Durability and Wind Resistance: Evaluating Performance in Adverse Conditions

In the quest for the perfect umbrella, durability and wind resistance stand out as pivotal attributes, especially for those living in regions prone to sudden storms or high winds. The design and materials used in umbrellas significantly influence their performance under these challenging conditions. Factors to consider include the frame construction, canopy fabric, and overall weight. Materials such as fiberglass and aluminum are favored for their combination of strength and lightweight properties, enhancing both durability and usability.Additionally, reinforced canopy seams play a crucial role in preventing rain from seeping through, ensuring that you’re not only protected from wind-driven water but also from potential structural failure that can occur with inferior designs.

Wind resistance particularly hinges on the canopy shape and ventilation features integrated into the structure.A vented canopy allows wind to pass through, reducing the chances of the umbrella turning inside out during gusty conditions. In our tests, we noted that umbrellas with a double canopy design consistently outperformed their single-layer counterparts in windy environments. For a clearer comparison, see the table below, which highlights the performance of various umbrella models in wind resistance tests:

User Experience: Feedback from Real-World Testing and Customer Insights

Wrapping Up

selecting the right umbrella is essential for navigating unexpected weather conditions with confidence and style. Our comprehensive review of the 12 best umbrellas of 2025 provides valuable insights into the features, durability, and performance of each model, ensuring that you make an informed choice tailored to your individual needs. Whether you prioritize portability, sturdiness, or aesthetics, the options presented in this guide are among the finest available on the market today. As you invest in a tool designed to shield you from the elements, remember that quality is paramount. We encourage you to consider the specifications and user experiences highlighted in our assessments to find the perfect umbrella that will serve you well for years to come. Thank you for reading,and may your future adventures be sheltered in comfort and protection.

In an increasingly competitive streaming landscape, Peacock has emerged as a notable player, offering a diverse array of content designed to engage ⁤a⁢ wide audience.‌ As subscribers search ⁤for cost-effective ways to enjoy premium entertainment, promotional opportunities such as promo codes and coupons⁣ become⁤ invaluable tools. this article delves into​ the ⁤latest offering from Peacock,⁣ featuring an enticing 16% discount available through exclusive promo⁢ codes ⁣and‌ coupons valid for April ‍2025. By exploring‌ the application of these savings opportunities,​ we aim to​ provide readers with comprehensive guidance ⁤on maximizing their Peacock subscription while ⁢enjoying‌ the platform’s extensive library​ of movies, series, and original programming. Whether you’re a new subscriber or a loyal viewer looking to optimize your viewing experiance, our insights will equip you with the knowledge needed to take full advantage of these‍ limited-time ‌promotions.

Understanding the Benefits of ⁤the Peacock ‌Promo Code for April 2025

Utilizing a promo code can significantly enhance your⁢ streaming experience on ‌Peacock, especially in April 2025. With a generous 16% discount available⁢ through the⁢ promo ⁢code, subscribers can access ⁤a wealth of content ‌without straining their budgets.‌ This promotional offer not only makes premium⁢ content more accessible but ‍also encourages⁢ potential users who may⁤ have​ been on the fence about subscribing. By leveraging the discount,viewers can explore an extensive library of movies,series,and exclusive programming,all while enjoying substantial savings.

In ‌addition to the financial benefits, applying the promo code adds an element of excitement to the subscription process. It empowers‌ users⁢ to invest in their ​entertainment choices while taking advantage ‍of various perks‌ that accompany Peacock’s service.Here are some key advantages of using the promo code:

• Cost-Effective Entertainment: More affordable access ⁣to premium ⁤content.
• Enhanced ⁣Viewing Experience: Unlock new shows and movies.
• Exclusive Promotions: ‌ Opportunities to access‌ additional‌ offers during the month.

For your⁤ convenience, here’s a brief overview of what you can ⁢expect when you apply the promo code this April:

Maximizing Savings: How ⁢to Effectively⁣ Use Coupons on‌ Peacock

Using coupons on Peacock can significantly increase your⁤ savings while enjoying premium content. Here are effective strategies to get⁢ the most out of your coupon experience:

• Stay Updated: Regularly ⁤check for new ‍promos and coupon codes through newsletters⁣ or the ⁢official Peacock site to ensure you‌ don’t‍ miss out on‍ limited-time offers.
• Stack Promotions: Combine coupons with existing ‌promotions or discounts to⁣ maximize ‌your savings. ⁣Some users⁤ report doubling‌ their savings by ⁣doing this.
• Read the Fine Print: Always review⁣ the terms and conditions of the coupon, ensuring it applies‌ to‌ the selected subscription tier or package you wish to purchase.
• Regular account Reviews: Keep an eye on your account settings for exclusive deals or loyalty ‌rewards that might potentially be available only to long-term ‍subscribers.

To illustrate how coupon codes can affect your subscription expenses, consider the following example:

Exploring Exclusive Offers: A​ Comprehensive Guide to April ‍Discounts

Tips for Seamless redemption: A Step-by-Step Process for Applying Promo Codes

In Conclusion

unlocking the benefits of the Peacock promo⁢ code and coupons can significantly enhance your streaming experience‍ while concurrently ​offering substantial savings. With the opportunity to enjoy a 16% discount during April 2025, subscribers ⁢can‌ explore an extensive library of content that includes popular shows, movies, and exclusive⁢ series.By leveraging these promotional offers, users can not only ⁢optimize their entertainment budget‌ but also gain access to high-quality‌ programming ⁣tailored‌ to diverse tastes. We encourage our readers to stay ‌updated on‍ the latest ⁤promo codes and special offers to maximize their subscriptions. be⁢ sure to act⁢ promptly, as these valuable​ discounts are frequently enough time-sensitive. Happy ​streaming!

On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of Microsoft, co-founder Bill Gates has commemorated this critically important milestone by releasing the source code of the company’s first software product, Altair BASIC. This unprecedented gesture offers a unique glimpse into the foundational elements that have shaped not only Microsoft’s trajectory but also the broader landscape of personal computing and technology.Launched in 1975, Altair BASIC marked a pivotal moment in software growth, empowering a generation of programmers and enthusiasts. In this article,we will explore the historical context of this release,its implications for the tech community,and the enduring legacy of Microsoft under Gates’s visionary leadership. As we reflect on five decades of innovation, we also consider the future of technology and the continuing influence of Microsoft’s pioneering spirit.

Celebrating Milestones: Bill gates Commemorates Five Decades of microsoft

Historical Significance of the First Microsoft Software Release

The debut of Microsoft’s first software release, which took place in 1975, marked a pivotal moment in the history of computing that would reshape industries and influence technology for decades to come. At its core, this initial product—an interpreter for the BASIC programming language—catered to the growing demand for user-friendly coding solutions. The significance of this software lay not only in its immediate functionality but also in its role as a catalyst for the personal computing revolution. Key impacts included:

• Accessibility: BASIC made programming more approachable, allowing non-experts to engage with computers.
• Foundation for Future Development: The success of BASIC paved the way for Microsoft’s expansive software ecosystem.
• Partnerships: The initial release facilitated collaborations with hardware manufacturers, solidifying Microsoft’s position in the market.

Over the years, the first software release exemplified how innovation can drive both company growth and technological advancement worldwide.It served as the groundwork upon which Microsoft would build its vast repertoire of products, ultimately leading to its dominance in the software industry. to understand this legacy, one can reflect on key milestones in Microsoft’s evolution:

Impact of Open-Sourcing: Encouraging Innovation in the Technology Community

Future Directions: Recommendations for Cultivating a Collaborative Software Ecosystem

As we look toward the future of collaborative software ecosystems, it is essential to foster an environment that promotes interoperability and open-source collaboration. Organizations should consider embracing platforms that prioritize seamless integration of various technologies, enabling developers to share ideas and tools more freely. here are some strategies that can be adopted:

• Encourage open APIs to facilitate communication between different software applications.
• Implement cross-industry partnerships, allowing diverse organizations to work together on shared projects.
• Host regular hackathons or innovation days,motivating developers to brainstorm and prototype new solutions collaboratively.

Moreover, investing in a robust education and training framework for upcoming developers will be pivotal. Mentorship programs and workshops aimed at teaching collaborative coding practices can enhance the talent pool. Consider the following aspects:

By adopting these forward-thinking recommendations, the software industry can collectively increase innovation, efficiency, and inclusivity, ensuring a brighter and more collaborative future for all stakeholders involved in the ecosystem.

Future Outlook

as bill Gates celebrates the monumental milestone of 50 years as the founding of Microsoft, he not only reflects on the journey of innovation and technological advancement that has defined the company but also opens a window into its historical roots by publishing the source code of its first software. This act serves as a testament to the enduring legacy of Microsoft and its profound impact on the digital landscape. By making the original code publicly available, Gates invites both historians and tech enthusiasts to gain insights into the pioneering spirit that fueled the inception of one of the world’s most influential companies. As we look forward, it is indeed evident that the principles of creativity, collaboration, and accessibility remain at the heart of Microsoft’s mission, continuing to inspire future generations in their pursuit of progress and innovation.

as ⁢one ⁣of the fastest-growing social media platforms globally, TikTok has captured the attention of millions, particularly‍ among younger audiences in the United States. However,⁣ the app’s future in the U.S. has become increasingly⁣ uncertain due to mounting regulatory scrutiny and concerns regarding⁢ data privacy and national security.As various stakeholders—including tech⁢ giants and venture capitalists—express interest‍ in⁣ acquiring the platform, the landscape⁢ becomes more complex. ⁣This‍ article aims to delve into the key factors influencing⁣ TikTok’s status in the U.S. market, examine the motivations of potential buyers, and assess the ⁢implications of ​a potential acquisition for users and‍ advertisers alike. Understanding these dynamics is essential as we navigate the evolving‍ digital ecosystem and the intersection of technology, ⁣policy, and market ‍trends.

Understanding the ​Regulatory Landscape Surrounding TikTok in the United States

The regulatory landscape surrounding TikTok ​in the United States has become increasingly complex as government ⁣scrutiny escalates.⁤ Various concerns have been raised regarding data privacy and the platform’s ⁢ties to the Chinese ⁤government,leading to ⁤considerations for potential bans or ‌strict regulations. Lawmakers and federal agencies ‌are⁣ looking into the implications of foreign​ ownership and the‌ reliability of TikTok’s ‌data practices.​ This scrutiny manifests in several ways:

• Legislative Proposals: ⁣Bills‌ aimed at imposing⁣ stricter regulations on foreign-owned applications have⁤ been introduced ⁤in Congress, which could considerably impact ⁣TikTok’s operations.
• Security Assessments: Agencies like ‍the​ Committee on⁢ Foreign Investment‍ in the United States⁢ (CFIUS) have been ‍evaluating the risks associated with TikTok’s data handling.
• Potential divestiture: There‌ is ongoing discussion about whether TikTok ‌should be sold to a U.S. company to​ mitigate ⁣security concerns.

The evolving situation‌ has prompted several stakeholders ‌to consider prospective⁤ acquisition opportunities.Several U.S.-based companies have shown interest in buying TikTok, viewing it as a ⁤strategic asset in a digital landscape dominated by⁢ engagement-driven platforms. Key factors influencing these ⁢potential deals‌ include:

• Market Reach: TikTok’s vast, engaged ‌user base offers lucrative⁣ advertising‌ opportunities that are hard to ignore.
• Technological Resources: ⁢The​ app’s sophisticated algorithm presents a valuable asset for enhancing user engagement.
• Compliance Solutions: Acquiring TikTok would necessitate navigating regulatory hurdles,‌ requiring companies to demonstrate ⁢robust plans ⁣to ensure‍ data security ⁣and privacy.

Key ‌Stakeholders ‌and Potential Buyers in the TikTok Acquisition Process

As the acquisition landscape ⁣surrounding TikTok becomes ⁣increasingly tumultuous, a‍ number of key stakeholders have ‍emerged, representing a mix of interests ranging from⁢ regulatory bodies to potential ⁤buyers.The‌ U.S. government plays ‌a crucial role, ⁢with agencies like the‍ Committee on Foreign Investment⁢ in the United ‌States (CFIUS) examining ‍the national security implications of a foreign-owned app holding vast amounts of ‍user data. ​On the other hand,software giants ​and established‍ social media platforms are closely monitoring the situation,as acquiring TikTok could enable them to enhance their ‌market share⁤ and‍ user engagement. Additionally, ⁢ venture capitalists and ‌investment firms are stepping into the ⁢fray, recognizing ⁣TikTok’s potential for⁢ growth ‌in a digital economy ⁣that rewards innovative content ⁢creation and user ‌interaction.

Potential⁤ buyers are currently positioning themselves‍ strategically to capitalize on TikTok’s uncertain⁣ future. In the forefront are‍ U.S.-based ⁤firms such⁣ as:

Other notable players include investors from China and ‍emerging tech companies that view TikTok ‍as a ‌valuable asset. Each of these stakeholders brings their unique ‌perspectives and‍ motivations ​to the acquisition process, contributing to a landscape marked by a strategic interplay of ambition, regulatory challenges, and ‍market dynamics. The future of TikTok, and ⁢its fate in the⁣ U.S. ⁢market, will depend ⁢heavily on how these entities navigate the complexities of ownership and compliance amid ⁢heightened scrutiny.

implications of⁣ a Sale on ⁢Users and Content Creators: What to ​Expect

The potential‌ sale of TikTok carries significant implications for both users and content creators, fundamentally ⁤reshaping their ‌experiences ⁢on the platform. As ownership transitions, users may witness ⁣alterations in content​ moderation policies and algorithmic changes⁣ tailored to ⁤the preferences of the new management. Users can expect:

• Changes in Content Discoverability: The algorithm might prioritize ‌different types of content, affecting what users see in their feeds.
• Policy Revisions: New terms and conditions may impact user engagement and content sharing practices.
• Monetization Opportunities: Shifts in advertising strategies could offer new‌ revenue streams or alter⁣ current compensation models for creators.

For‍ content creators, a‌ sale may present both challenges and opportunities. the adaptation to a new platform structure may necessitate a recalibration of content‍ strategies. ​Creators⁢ should be prepared​ for:

• Possible Monetization Changes: ⁤ The new ownership may implement different ⁢revenue-sharing frameworks that ​could affect income stability.
• Audience Engagement Variability: ⁤ A change in user ⁢demographics or engagement metrics could necessitate a‌ shift in target audience strategies.
• Access ⁢to New Tools: Creators might⁢ gain ⁣access to innovative features and tools aimed at enhancing​ content creation‍ and engagement.

Strategic Recommendations ⁢for‍ Stakeholders Navigating ​TikTok’s Future

As stakeholders prepare⁣ for the evolving landscape of TikTok in​ the U.S., several strategic recommendations‌ can enhance their positioning. First, diversifying ⁣revenue streams ⁣is ​vital in an unpredictable regulatory environment.⁤ consider the following avenues:

• enhancing ⁤in-app purchase features
• Collaborating with influencers ⁢for exclusive content
• Exploring educational content partnerships

Additionally, strengthening community engagement will be crucial for maintaining user loyalty and ​trust.‌ Engage in regular dialogue with users to gather feedback and understand their needs.⁢ Utilization of personalized content strategies can foster deeper​ relationships with⁢ the platform’s audience. Consider the potential of niche interest groups within TikTok to tailor specific campaigns that ⁤resonate with these communities,⁣ while also focusing on educational initiatives about data privacy⁣ and security. Implementing such strategies can not only safeguard brand reputation but also pave the way for future stability irrespective of ⁢ownership changes.

In Conclusion

TikTok’s future in ​the United States remains a multifaceted issue, enveloped in a ​cloud of regulatory scrutiny, geopolitical tensions, and evolving market dynamics. As we have explored, the potential bid for⁢ the platform by various stakeholders highlights not‌ only the platform’s immense⁤ value but also the intricate web of interests⁤ at play.⁤ The⁤ uncertainty⁢ surrounding TikTok’s operations in the ‍U.S. reflects broader concerns about data privacy, national security, and technological sovereignty.​

As the situation develops, it is indeed crucial for stakeholders—including policymakers, tech companies, and consumers—to engage in informed discussions that prioritize clarity, ⁣privacy, and innovation.The outcome of ⁣this discourse will have significant implications not just⁤ for‌ TikTok,​ but for the⁢ wider landscape of social media and digital dialogue in‍ the U.S. and⁤ beyond. As we move forward, staying informed about these developments will be essential⁣ for understanding the evolving narrative of digital platforms ‍in an increasingly interconnected world.

In the rapidly evolving landscape of artificial intelligence, the drive to push the boundaries of machine learning capabilities has lead to the advancement of increasingly refined AI models. However, as these frontier AI systems become more complex, the imperative to scrutinize their performance and integrity grows more critical.This article explores a groundbreaking tool designed to probe emerging AI models for potential lapses in intelligence. By systematically evaluating the cognitive functions and decision-making processes of these advanced systems, this tool aims to identify weaknesses and inconsistencies that may arise from their intricate architectures. Understanding these vulnerabilities is essential, not only for enhancing the reliability of AI technologies but also for ensuring they operate within ethical and safe parameters. Through an in-depth analysis of this innovative tool, we will shed light on its significance in the realm of AI research and its implications for the future development of smart systems.

Understanding the Importance of Probing Frontier AI Models for Intelligence Gaps

The capability of frontier AI models to handle complex tasks is often overshadowed by their intelligence gaps, which can lead to unintended consequences in application. Probing these models is crucial for identifying the limitations that may not be promptly evident during routine operations. By systematically examining these gaps, developers can refine the algorithms, enhancing their reliability and effectiveness in real-world scenarios. This process also fosters greater transparency and accountability in AI operations, which is essential for maintaining public trust and safety.

Moreover, understanding these intelligence gaps allows researchers to establish a framework for ongoing evaluation and improvement. Key aspects of this framework may include:

• Benchmarking performance: Regularly assessing model outputs against established metrics.
• Feedback loops: Integrating user feedback to fine-tune model responses.
• Collaborative testing: Engaging a diverse group of testers to uncover weaknesses that may not be apparent to developers alone.

Adopting a proactive stance toward probing ensures that frontier AI models are not only advanced in their capabilities but also robust in their performance, leading to enhanced societal benefits.

Methodologies Employed in the evaluation of AI Intelligence Lapses

In the evaluation of AI intelligence lapses, several methodologies have proven effective in surfacing underlying issues and enhancing model reliability. Researchers typically employ qualitative assessments, where expert panels review outputs and performance across various scenarios, identifying and documenting specific failure points. This method ensures a more nuanced understanding of how AI interacts with complex data inputs and unique situational contexts. Additionally, quantitative analysis is indispensable; it involves statistical examinations of model predictions against a validation dataset, allowing for the calculation of performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, and recall. By combining qualitative insights with quantitative data,a more comprehensive evaluation of AI intelligence lapses can be achieved.

Another promising approach is the use of stress testing, where AI models are subjected to extreme or ill-defined cases to monitor their behavior under pressure.These tests help highlight vulnerabilities that typical scenarios may not uncover. Furthermore, adversarial testing aims at probing the boundaries of AI systems by introducing deceptive inputs designed to mislead the models, simulating potential real-world challenges.A structured framework comparing these methodologies is illustrated below, allowing researchers to easily identify their strengths and applicable contexts:

Identifying Key Lapses in Frontier AI Models and Their Implications

The exploration of lapses in intelligence within frontier AI models unveils a critical understanding of their limitations.it is indeed essential to scrutinize various aspects that may contribute to unexpected behaviors or inaccuracies. Key areas to investigate include:

• Data Bias: Inherent biases in training data can lead to skewed results and compromised decision-making.
• Contextual Understanding: Many models struggle with nuanced contexts, leading to misinterpretations of user queries.
• Overfitting: Some models may perform excellently on training data but fail to generalize well to new, unseen scenarios.
• Maintenance of Knowledge: A disconnect between the training phase and real-world knowledge updates may result in outdated responses.

The implications of these lapses can be profound, affecting both user trust and system reliability. To quantify the potential risks, consider the following table which summarizes common types of lapses alongside their possible effects:

Addressing these lapses not only enhances the performance of AI models but also safeguards user interests and promotes ethical deployment in various sectors.

Strategic Recommendations for enhancing AI Model Robustness and Intelligence Integrity

To enhance the robustness of AI models, it is crucial to implement a framework that focuses on multi-faceted evaluation and iterative improvement. Key strategies include:

• Regular Stress Testing: Conduct stress tests to identify inconsistencies in model performance under extreme conditions and diverse datasets.
• Adversarial Training: Incorporate adversarial examples during training to improve the model’s ability to handle unexpected inputs.
• Diversity in Training Data: Ensure the training datasets encompass a broad spectrum of real-world scenarios to achieve a well-rounded model understanding.
• Continuous Monitoring: Establish a monitoring system for real-time feedback on AI performance,allowing for rapid adjustments to be made as necessary.

In pursuit of maintaining intelligence integrity within AI systems, it is essential to promote transparency and interpretability. Implementing the following recommendations can significantly contribute to this goal:

• Explainable AI Methods: Use explainable AI techniques to make model decision processes understandable to both developers and end-users.
• Documentation and Version Control: Maintain thorough documentation of model updates and changes to facilitate tracking of modifications and outcomes.
• Ethical Oversight: Establish an ethical review board to assess the potential societal impacts of AI deployment and ensure compliance with best practices.

To Conclude

the development and deployment of advanced artificial intelligence systems have sparked a myriad of discussions surrounding their efficacy and reliability. The tool discussed in this article represents a notable stride in assessing the intelligence of frontier AI models, offering a structured approach to identify and analyze potential lapses. By systematically probing these models, researchers and developers can gain critical insights into their operational boundaries and areas of improvement. As the landscape of AI continues to evolve, such tools are essential in ensuring that these systems operate at optimal levels and adhere to ethical standards.Future advancements in this domain will not only enhance our understanding of AI capabilities but also foster the responsible integration of these technologies into various sectors.Thus, ongoing exploration and innovation in AI testing methodologies remain pivotal for harnessing the full potential of artificial intelligence while safeguarding against its inherent risks.